Effective Learning!

learning essentially has 3 steps. encoding, storing and decoding or retrieving.

Encoding - understanding information that you receive and transform them in to understandable format.

Storing - Most of the information we come across everyday doesn't get into our long term memory. But those information we use consciously for some time will leak into our long term memory.

Initially all information that we come across is stored in our short term memory. Then depending on the significance of the information, how long the information was used consciously and other factors, the information will be stored or will left over. Those factors will also decide how easy those memories can be retrieved.

Retrieve / Decode - Retrieving memory form where we stored.

I just wanted to give a brief overview of the processes involved in learning. Now we'll discuss, how you can use these theories practically to improve your learning.

You can use these easy to use methods. There are two methods that i recommend you to use.

1. SQ3R
2. MURDER

• SQ3R

Survey - Before you start studying a particular section, go through it on the surface and try to get a picture of what you are going to learn

Questions - Try to make some question that you expect to get answered by studying that particular section.

Read - Read the section carefully (This should be a very cognitive process) and try to understand the concepts.

Recite - Try to read out what you have read with out looking at the text. Even if the theory suggest this step, i don't recommend this for science and math students. But you can use this to test your memory on certain formulas and so on.

Review - Although all the steps are important, i find this step very very important. This is the step which require lot of concentration. In this step you have to re memorise and check your understanding of certain principals and concepts. Also you can apply what you just learnt to real world examples and check your understanding. Doing problems from the lesson will fall into this category.

MURDER is a very similar technique. It also use the same principals as SQ3R.

Microscopic Urine Analysis!

In this test, urine is centrifuged at relatively low speed (about 2-3,000 rpm) for 5-10 minutes so the solid materials sediment at the bottom. The sediment is spread on a slide and looked at under a microscope.

Red or white blood cells.

Blood cells are not found in urine normally. Inflammation, disease, or injury to the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra can cause blood in urine. Strenuous exercise, such as running a marathon, can also cause blood in the urine. White blood cells may be a sign of infection or kidney disease.

Casts.

Some types of kidney disease can cause plugs of material (called casts) to form in kidneys (in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) or the collecting duct ). The casts then get flushed out in the urine. Casts can be made of red or white blood cells, waxy or fatty substances (mucus), or protein. The type of cast in the urine can help show what type of kidney disease may be present.

Hyaline Cast

Red Cell Casts

Crystals.

Healthy people often have only a few crystals in their urine. A large number of crystals, or certain types of crystals, may mean kidney stones are present or there is a problem with body metabolism.

Oxalate Crystals

Bacteria, yeast cells, or parasites.

There are no bacteria, yeast cells, or parasites in urine normally.

wow!!

Medical Ethics

Two theories used to decide the rightness of an actions (whether the action is morally correct)  

Teleological theory

• rightness of action is determined by the consequence of the action.

• so we have to wait until the consequences are apparent.

• but there are problems in determining whether the consequences are good or bad (in some situations). So people have proposed various theories to measure the goodness and the badness of actual consequence.

• the end justify the means

Deontological theory

• rightness of action is determined by the action it self.

• don't have to wait until the consequences are apparent.

• Persons action should confirm to the specific moral duty of that person at the given moment. But there can be disputes of what is the actual moral duty of a person.

• since this theory doesn't take in to consideration the consequences, the consequences of a moral act defined by this theory can be suffering or painful.

• the end does not justify the means